Some people may experience itching upon contact with water due to the activation of certain nerve fibers in the skin, called C fibers, which react abnormally to water. This phenomenon is known as aquagenic urticaria.
Water is simply composed of two chemical elements: hydrogen and oxygen, more specifically two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom (the famous formula H₂O). This small molecule seems very ordinary, but it has special properties. Its polarity, for example, allows it to easily interact with other molecules, making it an exceptional solvent. It dissolves many substances like mineral salts or organic compounds, and thus transports various elements that could be irritating for certain sensitive skins. Its surface tension also gives it a certain "adhesion" to the skin, which allows these irritating compounds to remain in contact with skin cells for a longer time. Its temperature and hardness (the presence of dissolved calcium or magnesium) also influence the way it interacts with the epidermis, potentially causing unpleasant sensations in sensitive individuals.
Some people have super reactive skin that quickly overreacts to something as ordinary as water. Generally, their skin has immune cells that are a bit too zealous, called mast cells. Upon simple contact with water, these mast cells release histamine, a kind of chemical alarm in the body meant to handle external threats. The problem is that water isn't really a threat, but the body still overreacts, causing itchiness, redness, and even patches on the skin. This heightened sensitivity is a result of an excessive immune reaction, where the body reacts unnecessarily too strongly to a completely harmless substance.
Aquagenic urticaria is a rare but quite distressing reaction where the skin reacts excessively to mere contact with water. The main symptom is the rapid appearance (in just a few minutes!) of red bumps and irritating welts that itch intensely. Generally, the most affected areas are the upper body, neck, or arms. Even though soaking for just a few seconds is enough to trigger this intense itching, fortunately, it often disappears on its own in less than an hour without leaving marks. This strange reaction is thought to be due to an excessive release of histamine, a substance produced by the skin in response to contact with water, although doctors have not yet fully understood exactly why this occurs.
Some pollutants or contaminants present in water can cause annoying itching on the skin. Chlorine, for example, used to kill bacteria in tap water or pools, often irritates sensitive skin, leading to redness and discomfort. Similarly, chemical residues such as hard water minerals can create dryness and itching for some people. Less obvious substances, such as heavy metals, residual traces of pesticides, or harmful organic compounds, even in low doses, can trigger allergic reactions, especially in individuals with particularly sensitive or predisposed skin. These contaminants are not visible to the naked eye, but they can certainly make their presence felt!
Aquagenic urticaria, a rare allergy to water, affects only about one person in 230 million worldwide.
Very hot water can dry out the skin, thereby intensifying feelings of itching or irritation in some sensitive individuals.
Some medical treatments can temporarily make the skin more sensitive to water, causing itching after a simple shower.
Some geographical regions have water that is naturally rich in minerals such as calcium and magnesium; this 'hard water' can contribute to dryness and irritation of the skin.
Yes, some dermatological conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis, can also cause itching upon contact with water. These cases are different from aquagenic urticaria and require a specific diagnosis made by a healthcare professional.
To manage these itching sensations, one can notably reduce the duration of contact with water, use antihistamines as prescribed by a doctor, apply protective creams, and regularly moisturize the skin. A dermatological consultation is recommended to tailor the treatment to each individual situation.
Aquagenic urticaria is a direct response to contact with water itself, regardless of its purity. In contrast, an allergic reaction to substances present in the water, such as chlorine, occurs specifically after exposure to chemically treated water. An allergist can conduct precise diagnostic tests to differentiate between these two conditions.
Aquagenic urticaria is generally a chronic condition that can last for several years, or even a lifetime. However, the intensity of symptoms may vary over time, and some patients report spontaneous improvement of the condition over the years.
Yes, individuals with aquagenic urticaria can experience itching regardless of the nature of the water: fresh, saline, hot, or cold. However, some people may be more sensitive to certain temperatures or the presence of specific contaminants in the water.
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